By Jim Parker, Ph.D.
The 2011 Gezer dig officially ended on June 10 with much celebration. As has been reported previously, we were able to get to the cave and even a little beyond. Getting to the cave turned out to be quite a feat and was a great challenge to us all. Although I will say more in this report about the statistics related to the dig, we took out 1,372 bags (one cubic meter bags designed for lifting sand, etc) in 17 days of work. Although our low day was 32 bags, we also had a day when we removed 129 bags. All in all, we averaged about 80 bags per day. Of course each bag was far less than one cubic meter, as the crane would not have been able to lift them.
The 2011 Gezer dig officially ended on June 10 with much celebration. As has been reported previously, we were able to get to the cave and even a little beyond. Getting to the cave turned out to be quite a feat and was a great challenge to us all. Although I will say more in this report about the statistics related to the dig, we took out 1,372 bags (one cubic meter bags designed for lifting sand, etc) in 17 days of work. Although our low day was 32 bags, we also had a day when we removed 129 bags. All in all, we averaged about 80 bags per day. Of course each bag was far less than one cubic meter, as the crane would not have been able to lift them.
One of the great challenges we have faced as we have dug at Gezer in 2010 and 2011 is to interpret the data of the two archaeologists that preceded us. Although both were erudite men, well accomplished in their discipline for the era in which they worked, both have left us with information that sometimes is difficult, if not impossible, to discern. I thought as we considered the dig for this year, it would be good to go back to the beginning and discuss the contributions that Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister and Fr. Hugues Pere Vincent (pronounced “Vinsant” in French) made to the Gezer Water tunnel and also to discuss the complex issues we have inherited from them. This will hopefully help in understanding this magnificent, ancient edifice presumably left to us by the Canaanites from the days of the biblical Patriarchs.
R.A.S. Macalister (Macalister) was an Irish archaeologist who studied at Cambridge and arrived in Palestine around 1898 at the age of 28 years old. He worked with Frederick J. Bliss using the stratigraphic methods of Sir Flinders Petrie. These methods were far advanced to the techniques previously used. He and Bliss also used pottery that they unearthed to develop a chronology for Palestine, especially the Shephelah.
Macalister came to the ancient Canaanite city of Tel Gezer in 1902 and labored there until 1909. He worked under the auspices of the Palestinian Exploration Fund and made quarterly reports of his work at Gezer, which were published in the Palestinian Exploration Quarterly (PEQ). It is these reports that have been most helpful to us in our work. I used dimensions from them in 2008 to construct a drawing for us to work from as we formulated our plan. Macalister also published a drawing of the Water Tunnel in these reports. As a general note, although far superior to the “cut and slash” archaeological methods earlier employed, Macalister has been roundly criticized in modern times for the poor quality of excavations and his less than adequate record keeping. Some of this may have been due to his age (32-39 years old while at Gezer) and his lack of help. At Gezer, Macalister was the only archaeologist on the dig. In fact, Macalister, by his own reporting was the only person other than the cook and the Arab excavators. Apparently the budget for the excavation was very tight and the Arab excavators worked for “bakhshish”, the practice of paying them for their finds. This likely led to a “treasure hunt” mentality rather than a slow and deliberate excavation methodology.
Macalister first mentioned the Water Tunnel in the 16th Quarterly Report of the PEQ. The report is for the work done between Aug. 11 and Nov. 9, 1907. He describes in great detail how he happened to find the water system and the work that went on to clear it. It is assumed that his find coincides with the earlier date, probably in the late summer or early fall of 1907. In the 16th Report, he tells how his team cleared the tunnel little by little, uncovering the immense 12’-6” wide by 23’-10 tall arched tunnel that plunges down at an amazing 38 degree angle 150 feet to a natural cave (at least Macalister thought it was natural). There are 80 steps, carved from the Eocene chalk rock in the tunnel. At the end of the steps, Macalister described what is likely the spring; an area that is as wide as the tunnel and approximately 30 feet long that leads into the cave. It is still uncertain whether this water source extends partially or fully into the cave. Macalister also described how that he cut a trench around the outer edges of the cave and then one down the middle to try and ascertain the nature of the cave and whether there was an exit. Macalister said that he did not find an exit, however, Vincent, who published a drawing of the tunnel in 1912, shows what could be an exit, an area at the rear of the tunnel that has been blocked up with stones.
Macalister provided this photograph showing the upper entrance to the tunnel. Steps led down approximately 25 feet below the top of the bedrock and then one would turn left underground and down into the tunnel. Note the solid wall of dirt (balk) on the right and the rock retaining walls that
have been constructed to hold back this wall of dirt and to keep anything out of the tunnel. In the 17th Quarterly report that covered the work from November 11, 1907 until February 10, 1908, Macalister reported that much of this wall of dirt and a large portion of the retaining walls collapsed during a powerful storm on January 20, 1908 substantially refilling the tunnel. Due to financial considerations, he decided to suspend work on the tunnel and moved on. He would complete the balance of the work on Tel Gezer within the year.
I mentioned Fr. Vincent earlier. An article written by him is included in the 18th Quarterly Report for the period Feb. 11 through May 9, 1908. Apparently Vincent visited the site prior to the above mentioned collapse. The reason that I feel so sure of this is that Vincent gives details on his drawing, (dated in 1912, four years after the collapse) which in reference to the cave is substantially different from Macalister’s drawing. He also gives details that Macalister does not. For instance, Vincent limits the water source to the area between the bottom step and the cave entrance. He also shows on his drawing that the cave is 20 meters long (66 feet), however, he shows large rocks at the back as if it has been blocked up. Macalister shows the cave at 25 meters (80 feet), but shows the walls to be solid with no exit. Vincent also shows the cave entrance turning dramatically left, Macalister shows his going straight.
What does one make of all of this? Well this is the reason for our excavation, to try and find answers to these and a myriad of questions that we have and that will present themselves as we progress. Some of these types of issues with Macalister’s and Vincent’s narratives and drawings are part of the challenges that we have encountered. For instance, based on information that both gave, we would have expected to hit the entrance to the cave approximately 15 feet before we did. This was significant because we were digging an area 11 feet wide by 7 feet high. Every foot required 30 more bags that we had to dig and pull up and out in order for us to move down the tunnel. This added a total of 450 bags or about six days of work beyond what we anticipated.
Jim Parker, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Biblical Interpretation and Associate Vice President of Facilities at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary.
--
The Gezer Water System project is co-sponsored by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority and New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary under the direction of Tsvika Tsuk, chief archaeologist at INPA, and Dan Warner, co-director of the Center for Archaeological Research at NOBTS.
Archeology is a different kind of research and includes much harder labor than is done only in the library. Obviously, though, the leaders of the Tel Gezer dig have done both: they have done spade work in the written sources and have turned shovels and picks in the water tunnel. No one knows exactly what will be found and learned from all this hard work, but I expect that it will be worth it. I can dig it!
ReplyDeleteMISHNAH. HE WHO GIVES OF HIS SEED TO MOLECH INCURS NO PUNISHMENT UNLESS HE DELIVERS IT TO MOLECH AND CAUSES IT TO PASS THROUGH THE FIRE. IF HE GAVE IT TO MOLECH BUT DID NOT CAUSE IT TO PASS THROUGH THE FIRE, OR THE REVERSE, HE INCURS NO PENALTY, UNLESS HE DOES BOTH.
ReplyDeleteBabylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 64a
Soncino 1961 Edition, page 437
Following the Mishnah is a discussion among the sages. One of the Talmud Sages, Rabbi Ashi, comments as follows:
GEMARA. R. Ashi propounded: What if one caused his blind or sleeping son to pass through, (3) or if he caused his grandson by his son or daughter to pass through? — One at least of these you may solve. For it has been taught: [Any men … that giveth any of his seed unto Molech; he shall he put to death … And I will set my face against that man, and will cut him off from among his people;] because he hath given of his seed unto Molech. Why is this stated? — Because it is said, there shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire. From this I know it only of his son or daughter. Whence do I know that it applies to his son's son or daughter's son too? From the verse, [And if the people of the land do any ways hide their eyes from the man] when he giveth of his seed unto Molech [and kill him not: Then I will … cut him off.]
— Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 64b
Soncino 1961 Edition, page 439
Rabbi Dr. Freedman, one of the translators of the Soncino Tractate Sanhedrin, clarifies the passage. In a footnote, Rabbi Dr. Freedman confirms that the Talmud Sages use "seed" to denote living children, in the same sense as the Biblical translators understand the term in the above Biblical quotes. In this footnote, Rabbi Dr. Freedman paraphrases the question from Rabbi Ashi:
3. Is 'thou shalt not cause to pass' applicable only to a son who can naturally pass through himself, but not to a blind or sleeping son, who must be led or carried, or does it apply to all?
Rabbi Dr. Freedman
Other footnotes within the same context clarify the fine point of distinction being drawn in the Mishnah and subsequent debates among the sages:
5. Lev. XVIII, 21. This proves that the offence consists of two parts; (I) formal delivery to the priests, and (2) causing the seed to pass through the fire.
Rabbi Dr. Freedman (2)
5. As two separate offences, proving that giving one's seed to Molech is not idolatry. The differences [sic] is, that if one sacrificed to Molech, or caused his son to pass through the fire to some other deity, he is not punished.
Rabbi Dr. Freedman (3)
Following the Mishnah, Sanhedrin 64a and 64b contain a rousing debate between the Sages concerning:
* the circumstances under which worshipping an idol is idolatry,
* which idols may be worshipped without indulging in idolatry,
* which parts of child sacrifice in what combination are punishable, and
* how children may be sacrificed without violating Leviticus.
If YHWH was REALLY talking to Moshe, then He was the FIRST anti-Semite!
Exodus 32:7-10
7 At the same time, the LORD said to Moses, “Go down from this mountain. Your people, the people you brought out of the land of Egypt, have committed a terrible sin. 8 They have very quickly turned away from what I commanded them to do. They made a calf from melted gold for themselves. They are worshiping that calf and making HUMAN sacrifices to it. The people have said, ‘Israel, these are the gods that led you out of Egypt.’”
9 The LORD said to Moses, “I have seen these people, and I know that they are very stubborn. They will always turn against me. 10 So now let me DESTROY THEM in anger. Then I will make a great nation from you.”
Shalom,
ReplyDeleteA hatchet job has been done on R.A.S. Macalister by Jews who are still trying to hide from the world, that their god YHWH was worshiped by Human Sacrifice:
HUMAN SACRIFICE
A SEMITIC TRADITION.
IT is incontestable that the ancient "Semites" manifested a peculiar leaning towards the practice of bloody sacrifices to their gods.
Typical is the Jewish story of Abraham offering to slay with a knife his first-born, Isaac, as an offering to Yahweh who had commanded him so to do. More typical still is the Semitic idea that his god would require such a murder to be done.
In Excavations at Gezer, R. A. S. Macalister tells us that the bodies of sacrificed young children were found in all semitic strata; this work describes the remains of these victims of which pictures are given.
Isaiah charges the Jews with "enflaming themselves with idols under every green tree, slaying the children in the valleys under the clifts of the rocks" (lvii, 5). There are many other Old Testament references to the practice of sacrificing children to Moloch.
Says the Rev. J. Kitto in the Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature 1895, "their altars smoked with human blood from the time of Abraham to the fall of the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel."
G. A. Dorsey writes in Civilization (Hamish Hamilton): "Historically their temple at Jerusalem, like a Hindu or Aztec temple, was a shambles--one sacrifice after another."
The Jewish Encyclopedia (1904, Vol. VIII, p. 653) says: "The fact, therefore, now generally accepted by critical scholars, is that in the last days of the kingdom human sacrifices were offered to Yhwh as King or Counsellor of the Nation and that the Prophets disapproved of it ...."
Macalister, R. A. S.
ReplyDelete(1870–1950)
Irish archaeologist
A professor of Celtic archaeology at the Univeristy of Dublin, Macalister became interested in Palestinian archaeology. He directed the Palestine Exploration Fund for many years and conducted extensive excavations at Gezer (1902–1909) and a dig on the hill Ophel in Jerusalem (1923–1924). The Gezer dig was the largest excavation undertaken in Palestine to that time, employing up to two hundred workers on a year-round basis. Macalister also worked at Marisa, Azekah, Mareshah, and Tell el-Judeideh. Among his several publications are Excavations at Gezer, Studies in Irish Epigraphy, and A Century of Excavation in Palestine.